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Stanford University

Stanford Microfluidics Laboratory

Journal Publications

Electrophoretic preconcentration for enhanced sensitivity and resolution

Persat A., and Santiago J.G., “Electrokinetic control of sample splitting at a channel bifurcation using isotachophoresis,” New Journal of Physics, vol. 11, 2009, p. 075026.  
Schoch R.B., Ronaghi M., and Santiago J.G., “Rapid and selective extraction, isolation, preconcentration, and quantitation of small RNAs from cell lysate using on-chip isotachophoresis,” Lab on a Chip, vol. 9, pp. 2145-2152, 2009.
Chambers R. D. and Santiago J.G., "Imaging and Quantification of Isotachophoresis Zones Using Nonfocusing Fluorescent Tracers," Analytical Chemistry, vol. 81, pp. 3022-3028, 2009.
Khurana T.K. and Santiago J.G. , “Effects of carbon dioxide on peak mode isotachophoresis: Simultaneous preconcentration and separation,” Lab on a Chip, vol. 9, 2009, pp. 1377-1384.  
Bercovici M., Lele S.K., and Santiago J.G. , “Open source simulation tool for electrophoretic stacking, focusing, and separation”, Journal of Chromatography A, 1216, pp. 1008-1018, 2009.

Khurana T., and Santiago J.G., “Sample Zone Dynamics in Peak Mode Isotachophoresis” 80, 16, Analytical Chemistry, pp. 6300-6307, 2008.

Khurana T., and Santiago J.G., “Pre-Concentration, Separation, and Indirect Detection of Non-Fluorescent Analytes using Fluorescent Mobility Markers” 80, 1, Analytical Chemistry, pp. 279-286,2008.

Jung B., Zhu Y., and Santiago J.G., "Detection of 100 attomolar Fluorophores Using a High Sensitivity On-Chip CE System and Transient Isotachophoresis," Analytical Chemistry, 79, 1, p. 345-349, 2007.

Huber D.E., and Santiago J.G. , “Ballistic Dispersion in Temperature Gradient Focusing,” 464, 2091,p.595-612, Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 2007.

Devasenathipathy S., Bharadwaj R., Santiago J.G., “Investigation of internal pressure gradients generated in electrokinetic flows with axial conductivity gradients,” 43, 6, Experiments in Fluids, p.959-967, 2007.

Huber D.E., and Santiago J.G., “Taylor-Aris dispersion in temperature gradient focusing ,” 28, 14, Electrophoresis, p. 2333-2344, 2007.

Jung, B., Bharadwaj, R., Santiago, J.G., "On-Chip Million-Fold Sample Stacking Using Single-Interface Isotachophoresis," 78, 7, Analytical Chemistry, pp. 2319-2327, 2006.

Bharadwaj, R. and J.G. Santiago, "Dynamics of Field Amplified Sample Stacking," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 543, 57-92, 2005.

Herr, A.E., J.I. Molho, K.A. Drouvalakis, J.C. Mikkelsen, P.J. Utz, J.G. Santiago, and T.W. Kenny, “On-Chip Coupling of Isoelectric Focusing and Free Solution Electrophoresis for Multi-Dimensional Separations,” Analytical Chemistry, 75, 5, pp. 1180-1187, 2003.

Alexis-Alexandre, G., B. Mohammadi, J.G. Santiago, and R. Bharadwaj, “Microfluidic Flow Simulations: Stacking One-Dimensional Study,” Houille Blance-Revue Internationale De Leau, 5, pp. 18-23, 2003.

Jung, B., R. Bharadwaj, and J.G. Santiago, “Thousand-Fold Signal Increase using Field Amplified Sample Stacking for On-Chip Electrophoresis,” Electrophoresis, 24, 19-20, pp. 3476-3483, 2003

 

General work on optimizing on-chip electrokinetic flows and electrophoresis

Persat A., Chambers R.D., and Santiago J.G., “Basic principles of electrolyte chemistry for microfluidic electrokinetics. Part I: Acid-base equilibria and pH buffers,” Lab on a Chip, vol. 9, 2009, pp. 2437-2453.

Supplementary information available here.

Persat A., Suss M.E., and Santiago J.G. , “Basic principles of electrolyte chemistry for microfluidic electrokinetics. Part II: Coupling between ion mobility, electrolysis, and acid-base equilibria,” Lab on a Chip, vol. 9, 2009, pp. 2454-2469.  

Lin, H., B.D. Storey and J.G. Santiago, “A depth-averaged electrokinetic flow model for shallow microchannels,” 608, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, p. 43-70, 2008.

Nohmi, M. and JG Santiago, “Quick Measurement of Electroosmotic Flow Velocity,” Lab on a Chip, Chips & Tips, March 2008.

Lin, F., F. Baldessari, R. Chambers, C. Crenguta Gyenge, T. Sato, J.G. Santiago, E.C. Butcher, Lymphocyte Electraxis in vitro and in vivo,“ in press, Journal of Immunology, 2007.

Persat, A., T. Zangle, J. Posner, and J. Santiago “Chips & Tips: On-chip Electorphoresis Devices: Do’s, Don’ts, and Dooms,” Lab on a Chip, Chips & Tips, March 2007.

Santiago, J.G., “Comments on the Conditions for Similitude in Electroosmotic Flows,” 310, 2, p. 675-677, Journal of Colloids and Interface Science, 2007.

Matta, A., O.M. Knio, R.G. Ghanem, C.-H. Chen, J.G. Santiago, B. Debusschere, and H.N. Najm, “Computational Study of Band Crossing Reactions,” Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 13, 2, pp. 310-322, 2003.

Oddy, M. and J.G. Santiago, "Alternating Electric Field Measurements of Particle Zeta-Potentials in a Microchannel," Journal Colloid and Interface Science, 269, pp. 192-204, 2004
 

Mohammadi, B. and J.G. Santiago, “Incomplete Sensitivities in Design and Control of Fluidic Channels,” Computer Assisted Mechanics and Engineering Sciences, 10, pp. 201-210, 2003

Bharadwaj, R., J.G. Santiago, and B. Mohammadi, "Design and Optimization of On-Chip Capillary Electrophoresis," Electrophoresis, 23, pp. 2729-2744, 2002

Mohammadi, B., Molho, J.I., and J.G. Santiago, “Incomplete sensitivities for the design of minimal dispersion fluidic channels,” Computer Method in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 192, 37-38, pp. 4131-4145, 2002

Mohammadi, B. and J.G. Santiago, “Simulation and Design of Extraction and Separation Fluidic Devices,” Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis, 35, 3, pp. 513-523, 2002

Santiago, J.G., "Electroosmotic Flows in Microchannels with Finite Inertial and Pressure Forces, "Analytical Chemistry, 73, 10, pp. 2353-2365, 2001

Molho, J.I., A.E. Herr, B.P. Mosier, J.G. Santiago, T.W. Kenny, R.A. Brennen, G.B. Gordon, B.Mohammadi, “Optimization of Turn Geometries for On-Chip Electrophoresis,” Analytical Chemistry, 73, 6, pp. 1350-1360, 2001

Herr, A.H., J.I. Molho, J.G. Santiago, M.G. Mungal, T.W. Kenny, and M.G. Garguilo, "Electroosmotic Capillary Flow with Non-Uniform Z-Potential," Analytical Chemistry, 72, 5, pp. 1053-1057, 2000

 

 

Fuel Cells

Litster S., Buie C.R., and Santiago J.G., “Engineering model for coupling wicks and electroosmotic pumps with proton exchange membrane fuel cells for active water management,” Electrochimica Acta, In Press
Buie C.R. and Santiago J.G., “Two-phase hydrodynamics in a miniature direct methanol fuel cell,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 52, Oct. 2009, pp. 5158-5166.  
Litster S. and Santiago J.G., “Dry gas operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells with parallel channels: Non-porous versus porous plates,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 188, Mar. 2009, pp. 82-88.
Strickland, D.G., S. Litster, and J.G. Santiago, "Current Distribution in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell with Active Water Management," 174, pp. 272-281, Journal of Power Sources, 2007.
Fabian, T. R. O'Hayre, F.B. Prinz, and J.G. Santiago, “Measurement of Temperature and Reaction Species in the Cathode Diffusion Layer of a Free-Convection Fuel Cell,” J. Electrochem. Soc. 154, B910, 2007.
Buie, C. R., D. Kim, S. Litster and J.G. Santiago, “An Electroosmotic Fuel Pump for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells.,” Electrochemical and Solid State Letters, 10, 11, pp. B196-B200, 2007.
Litster, S., C.R. Buie, T. Fabian, J.K. Eaton and J.G. Santiago, "Active Water Management for PEM Fuel Cells," 154, 10, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, pp. b1049-b1058, 2007.
O’Hayre, R., T. Fabian, S. Litster, F.B. Prinz, and J.G. Santiago, “Engineering Model of a Passive Planar Air Breathing Fuel Cell Cathode,” 167, 1, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, p. 118-129, May 2007.
Buie, C.B., Posner, J.D., Fabian, T., Cha, S.W., Kim, D., Prinz, F.B., Eaton, J.K., and Santiago, J.G., “Water Management in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells using Integrated Electroosmotic Pumping,” Vol., 161, 1, Journal of Power Sources, p. 191-202, 2006.
Fabian, T., Posner, J.D., O'Hayre, R., Cha, S.W., Eaton, J.K., Prinz, F.B., Santiago, J.G.,"The role of ambient conditions on the performance of a planar, air-breathing hydrogen PEM fuel cell", Journal of Power Sources, Volume 161, 1, pp. 168-182, October 2006

 

Nanochannel Electrokinetic Flows and Assays

T.A. Zangle, A. Mani, and J.G. Santiago, “On the Propagation of Concentration Polarization from Microchannel−Nanochannel Interfaces Part II: Numerical and Experimental Study,” Langmuir, vol. 25, Mar. 2009, pp. 3909-3916.  
A. Mani, T.A. Zangle, and J.G. Santiago, “On the Propagation of Concentration Polarization from Microchannel−Nanochannel Interfaces Part I: Analytical Model and Characteristic Analysis,” Langmuir, vol. 25, Mar. 2009, pp. 3898-3908.
Pennathur, S., F. Baldessari, M. Kattah, J. Steinman, P.J. Utz, and J.G. Santiago, “Free-Solution Oligonucleotide Separation in Nanoscale Channels,“ 79, 21, Analytical Chemistry, p.8316-8322, 2007.
Baldessari, F. and J.G. Santiago, "Electrophoresis in nanochannels: brief review and speculation," 4, 12 Nanobiotechnology Journal, doi 10.1186/1477-3155-4-12, 2006.
Pennathur, S. and Santiago, J.G. “Electrokinetic transport in nanochannels: 1. Theory,” 77, 21, Analytical Chemistry, pp. 6772-6781, 2005.
Pennathur, S. and Santiago, J.G. “Electrokinetic transport in nanochannels: 2. Experiments,” 77, 21, Analytical Chemistry, pp. 6782-6789, 2005.

 

Micromixing and Electrokinetic Instabilities

Hertzog, D.E., B. Ivorra, B. Mohammadi, O. Bakajin, and J.G. Santiago, “Optimization of a Fast Microfluidic Mixer for Studying Protein Folding Kinetics,” Analytical Chemistry, 78, 13, p.4299-4306, 2006.
Posner, J.D. and Santiago, J.G., "Convective Instability of Electrokinetic Flows in a Cross-Shaped Microchannel, " 555, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, pp. 1-42, 2006.
Ivorra, D.H., Hertzog, B. Mohammadi, B., J.G. Santiago, “Semi-deterministic and Genetic Algorithms for Global Optimization of Microfluidic Protein Folding Devices,” 66, 2, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, p. 319-333, 2006.
Oddy, M.H., and J.G. Santiago, “A Multiple-Species Model for Electrokinetic Instability,” Vol.17, 6,Physics of Fluids, 2005.
Chen, C.-H., Lin, H., Lele, S.K. & Santiago, J.G., "Convective and absolute electrokinetic instability with conductivity gradients", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 524, pp. 263 – 303, 2005.
Hertzog, D.E., X. Michalet, M. Jager, X. Kong, J. Santiago, S. Weiss, and O. Bakajin, "Femtomole Mixer for Microsecond Kinetic Studies of Protein Folding," Analytical Chemistry, 76, 24, 2004.
Storey, B.D., B.S. Tilley, H. Lin, and J.G. Santiago, "Electrokinetic Instabilities in Thin Microchannels," Physics of Fluids, 17, 1, p.1922-1935, 2004.
Lin, H., Storey, B., M. Oddy, Chen, C.-H., and J.G. Santiago, “Instability of Electrokinetic Microchannel Flows with Conductivity Gradients,” Physics of Fluids, 16, 6, 2004
Oddy, M.H., J.G. Santiago, and J.C. Mikkelsen, "Electrokinetic Instability Micromixing," Analytical Chemistry, 73, pp. 5822-5832, 2001
Liu, R. H., K. V. Sharp, M. G. Olsen, M. Stremler, J. G. Santiago, R. J. Adrian, H. Aref, D. J. Beebe, "Passive Mixing in a Three-Dimensional Serpentine Microchannel," Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 9, 2, pp. 190-197, 2000

 

Particle Control, Tracking and Diagnostics

K.A. Rose, B. Hoffman, D. Saintillan, E.S.G. Shaqfehand J.G. Santiago, "Hydrodynamic interactions in metal rodlike-particle suspensions due
to induced charge electroosmosis, Physical Review E 79, 011402, 2009.
Piorek, B., S.J. Lee, M. Moskovits, S. Banerjee, J.G. Santiago, and C. Meinhart, “Microfluidic Control of Nanoparticle Aggregation for Surfaced Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy,” 104, 48, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science Journal, p.18898-18901, 2007.
Rose, K.A., J.A. Meier, G.M. Dougherty, and J.G. Santiago, “Rotational Electrophoresis of Striped Metallic Microrods,” Physics Review E – Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, 75, 1, 2007.
Huber, D.E. and Santiago, J.G., “Temperature Gradient Focusing in a Microfluidic Device,” Journal of Heat Transfer, 127, 8, pp. 806, 2005.
Devasenathipathy, S., J.G. Santiago, S.T. Wereley, and C.D. Meinhart, "Particle Tracking Techniques for Microfabricated Fluidic Systems," Experiments in Fluids, 34, 4, pp. 504-513, 2003
Mosier, B.P., J.I. Molho, and J.G. Santiago, "Bleached-Fluorescence Imaging of Microflows," Experiments in Fluids, 33, 4, pp. 545-554, 2002
Devasenathipathy, S., J.G. Santiago, and K. Takehara, "Particle Tracking Techniques for Electrokinetic Microchannel Flows," Analytical Chemistry, 74, 15, pp. 3704-3713, 2002
Meinhart, C.D., S.T. Wereley, and J.G. Santiago, "A PIV Algorithm for Estimating Time-Averaged Velocity Fields,” Journal of Fluids Engineering, 122, 2, pp. 285-289, 2000
Meinhart, C.D. , S.T. Wereley, and J.G. Santiago, "PIV Measurements of a Microchannel Flow,"Experiments in Fluids, 27, 5, pp. 414-419, 1999
Santiago, J.G. , S.T. Wereley, C.D. Meinhart, D.J. Beebe, and R.J. Adrian, "A Particle Image Velocimetry System for Microfluidics," Experiments in Fluids, 25, 4, pp. 316-319, 1998

 

Micropumps and Cooling

Kim, D., J.D. Posner, and J.G. Santiago, “High Flow Rate per Power Electroosmotic Pumping using Low Ion Density Solvents,” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 141, pp. 201-212, 2008.
Lin, C.W., S. Yao, J.D. Posner, A.M. Meyers, and J.G. Santiago, “Toward Orientation Independent Design for as Recombination in Closed-Loop Electroosmotic Pumps,” v.128, no.1, p.334-339, Sensors and Actuators B, 2007.

Kenny, T.W., Goodson, K.E., Santiago J.G., Wang, E., Koo, J.-M., Jiang, L., Pop, E., S. Sinha, S. Zhang, L., Fogg, D. et al. “Advanced cooling technologies for microprocessors,” International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems, March 2006, 16, 1, p. 301-313.
Yao, S., Myers, A.M, Posner, J.D., Rose, K.A., and Santiago, J.G., “Electroosmotic Pumps Fabricated from Porous Silicon Membranes,” 15, 3, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, pp. 717-728, 2006.

Wang, E.N., Devasenathipathy, S., Lin, H., Hidrovo, C.H., Santiago, J.G., Goodson, K.E., and Kenny T.W., "A Hybrid Method for Bubble Geometry Reconstruction in Two-Phase Microchannels," 40, 6, Experiments in Fluids, p. 847-858, 2006.
Tripp, J.A., F. Svec, J.M.J. Frechet, S. Zeng, J.C. Mikkelsen, and J.G. Santiago, “High-Pressure Electroosmotic Pumps Based on Porous Polymer Monoliths,” Sensors and Actuators B, 99, pp. 66-73, 2004
Wang, G.R., J. G. Santiago, M.G. Mungal, B. Young, S. Papademetriou, “A laser-induced cavitation pump," Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 14, 7, pp. 1037-1046, 2004.
Wang, E.N., Devasenathipathy, S., Lin, H., Hidrovo, C.H., Santiago, J.G., Goodson, K.E., and Kenny, T.W., "Nucleation and growth of vapor bubbles in a heated silicon microchannel,"  Journal of Heat Transfer, 126, p. 497, 2004.
Laser, D. and J.G. Santiago, “A Review of Micropumps,” Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 14, 6, 2004
Yao, S. and J.G. Santiago , “Porous Glass Electroosmotic Pumps: Theory, ” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 268, pp. 133-142, 2003
Yao, S., D.E. Hertzog, S. Zeng, J.C. Mikkelsen, and J.G. Santiago , “Porous Glass Electroosmotic Pumps: Design and Experiments,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 268, pp. 143-153, 2003
Chen, C.-H. and J.G. Santiago, “A Planar Electoosmotic Micropump,” Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 11, No.6, pp. 672-683, 2002
Jiang, L., J.C. Mikkelsen, J.-M. Koo, D. Huber, S. Yao, L. Zhang, P. Zhou, Maveety, R. Prasher, J.G. Santiago, T.W. Kenny, and K.E. Goodson, "Closed-Loop Electroosmotic Microchannel Cooling System for VLSI Circuits," IEEE Transactions on Components & Packaging Technologies, 25, 3, pp.347-355, 2002
Zhang, L., J.M. Koo, L. Jiang, M. Ashegi, K.E. Goodson, J.G. Santiago, T.W. Kenny, "Measurements and Modeling of Two-Phase Flow in Microchannels with Nearly Constant Heat Flux Boundary Conditions,” Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 11, 1, pp. 12-19, 2002
 Zeng, S., J.G. Santiago, J.-R. Chen, R.N. Zare, F. Svec, J.M.J. Frechet, "Electroosmotic Flow Pumps with Polymer Frits," Sensors and Actuators B, 82, Nos. 2-3, pp. 209-212, 2001
Zeng, S., C.-H. Chen, J. C. Mikkelsen, J.G. Santiago, "Fabrication and Characterization of Electroosmotic Micropumps," Sensors and Actuators B, 79, pp. 107-114, 2001